Polycythemia vera (PV) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid cells with varying degrees of maturity and hematopoietic efficiency. Clinically, PV is distinct from other MPNs by an increase in red cell mass (RCM) or elevated red blood cell counts, which raises blood viscosity and heightens the risk of thrombosis.

PV has an estimated incidence rate of 1.9 per 100,000 people annually and is generally considered a relatively indolent disease with a long survival period. Patients typically require lifelong management. Over time, typically within 20 to 30 years, PV may progress to myelofibrosis or leukemia. The risk of thrombosis, bleeding, and persistent symptoms significantly impacts patients' quality of life, making effective management crucial.

DLBCL is one of the most common lymphoma subtypes in adults, accounting for approximately 30% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases in Western countries and approximately 40% in China. It is clinically and biologically heterogeneous, with painless lymphadenopathy as a typical presentation, although extranodal disease may also occur. R-CHOP remains the standard first-line regimen, enabling approximately 60%–70% of patients to achieve complete remission and long-term disease-free survival. However, 30%–40% of patients develop relapsed or refractory disease. These patients have poor outcomes, particularly those with refractory or early relapsed disease, and many are ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation due to age, comorbidities, or other factors.

PTCL is a heterogeneous group of aggressive lymphomas derived from mature T cells, often considered together with mature NK-cell lymphomas due to overlapping immunophenotypic and functional features. PTCL shows clear geographic variation, accounting for approximately 25%–30% of NHL cases in China, higher than the 10%–15% reported in Western countries. CHOP or CHOP-like chemotherapy remains the most commonly used first-line treatment for newly diagnosed PTCL. However, except for ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, outcomes with traditional chemotherapy remain poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 30%. As a result, PTCL remains an area of significant unmet need. HDAC inhibitors have emerged as an important therapeutic class with demonstrated clinical activity.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a type of B cell-related cancer originating from malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. These cancerous plasma cells uncontrollably produce abnormal, immature immunoglobulins known as M-proteins. The primary cause of MM is believed to involve genetic abnormalities in the bone marrow microenvironment, such as mutations in oncogenes like MYC and IRF4, which drive malignant plasma cell proliferation. However, many details of this process remain unclear.

The exact causes of MM are not well understood, but genetic factors, race, and exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment or workplace are associated with higher risk. For instance, in the United States, MM is more prevalent among African Americans and older individuals.

Overweight and obesity have become major public health challenges in China, with the combined prevalence among adults projected to reach 65.3% by 2030. When BMI exceeds 25 kg/m², all-cause mortality rises in a log-linear manner, and approximately 67.5% of high BMI-related deaths are attributable to cardiovascular disease (CVD). China currently has more than 330 million people living with CVD, which remains the country’s leading cause of death. Beyond metabolic dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation is a key driver of atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, heart failure, and related cardiometabolic disorders. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome may reduce underlying inflammation and improve cardiometabolic risk. VTX3232, an investigational NLRP3-targeted agent, has shown positive Phase II results in obesity and cardiovascular risk populations.

PD is a common neurodegenerative disorder in middle-aged and elderly individuals, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, Lewy body formation, reduced striatal dopamine, and disrupted dopamine-acetylcholine balance. Clinically, PD presents with motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms including sleep disturbance, hyposmia, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. In China, the prevalence among individuals aged over 65 years is approximately 1.7%, comparable to Western countries. The number of PD patients in China is projected to reach approximately 5 million by 2030. NLRP3 activation has been observed in affected brain regions and animal models, supporting its potential role in PD pathogenesis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel condition of unknown origin that causes inflammation in the digestive tract. It primarily affects the large intestine (ulcerative colitis) and the whole gastrointestinal tract (Crohn's disease).

IBD has become a significant global health issue, particularly in Western countries. While its prevalence has stabilized in some regions, it continues to rise in others, especially among children. Emerging economies, such as those in Asia, South America, and Africa, are experiencing a rapid increase in IBD cases. China, in particular, is witnessing a significant surge in IBD prevalence, with an estimated 1.5 million patients projected by 2025.